Samuel J. White, York St John University and Philippe B. Wilson, York St John University
Ever wondered why the colour of your snot is different when you're sick? You're probably not the first person to ask this question.
There are actually many reasons why your snot's changes colour when you're unwell. And the colour and consistency of nasal mucus can reveal intriguing details about your immune system, and how your body responds to illnesses.
Mucus is produced by the tissues lining our nasal passages. Often perceived as a mere nuisance, mucus serves a very important role. It acts as a protective barrier, trapping dust, bacteria, viruses and other irritants - preventing them from reaching the respiratory system's deeper parts.
Enzymes such as lysozyme and lactoferrin that inhabit our nasal mucus also have antimicrobial properties. They break down bacterial cell walls and help to limit bacterial growth. This protective role makes mucus a critical line of defence - even when we're not unwell.
The continuous process of mucus production by the tissues lining our nasal passages exemplifies the body's natural defence mechanisms in action. When we get sick, mucus changes - becoming thicker, more abundant and sometimes colourful. These changes highlight your immune system's response.
Here's what the many colours of your snot says about your health:
This is the baseline for a healthy nose. It's mostly water, combined with proteins, salts and cells that keep the nasal passages moist and trap particles.
Allergies and the very early stages of a viral infection can cause an overproduction of clear mucus. This can also happen when your body reacts to irritants or pathogens.
White mucus is often a sign of congestion.
Inflammation in the nasal tissues slows mucus flow, causing it to thicken. This typically signals the beginning of an infection, such as a cold, as your immune system starts mobilising against invaders.
Yellow mucus indicates your immune system is actively fighting off an infection.
White blood cells sent to attack the infection die and release enzymes that give mucus its yellowish colour. This is a hallmark of the body's response to many viral infections - including the common cold, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Green mucus results from an intensified immune response. The green tint comes from an enzyme called myeloperoxidase, which is produced by neutrophils (a type of white blood cell). This enzyme generates a specific molecule that destroys pathogens.
While green mucus often indicates a bacterial infection, it can also occur when your body mounts a robust immune response to aggressive viral pathogens.
A pink or reddish tint in mucus means there's blood present. This often happens when the nasal tissues are irritated, dry or damaged - such as after excessive nose blowing or exposure to dry air. Small amounts of blood are usually not a cause for concern.
Brown or orange mucus may result from dried blood mixing with mucus, or from inhaling environmental debris - such as smoke or dust. While typically harmless, it may suggest irritation or prolonged inflammation.
Black mucus is rare and may indicate serious issues - such as a fungal infection (particularly in immunocompromised people) or heavy exposure to pollutants such as soot or cigarette smoke. This warrants medical attention.
Mucus is an indispensable part of your immune system, actively protecting your body by trapping and neutralising harmful pathogens. Changes in its colour and consistency provide a glimpse into your health - helping differentiate between viral bacterial infections. It also provides insight into the complex processes occurring as your body works to keep you healthy.
Next time you reach for a tissue, remember that mucus isn't merely a symptom of illness -- it's your immune system in action. Its colours and textures tell a story of resilience, reflecting the intricate defences that keep your body healthy and safe.